Clarification from the Supreme Court of Canada on the Interpretation of Releases
2021.08.30 //
Clarification from the Supreme Court of Canada on the Interpretation of Releases
Author: Corey M. Smith, Articled Student
Case: Corner Brook (City) v. Bailey, 2021 SCC 29
Background
On March 3, 2009, while driving her husband’s car, Mrs. Mary Bailey struck a Corner Brook City (the “City”) employee who was performing road work. The employee sued Mrs. Bailey for injuries he sustained in the accident.
In a separate action, Mrs. Bailey and her husband sued the City for property damage to their car and the physical injury Mrs. Bailey suffered. Eventually, the Baileys reached a settlement with the City that released the City from liability relating to the accident and discontinued their action. The release stated that the Bailey’s agreed to release the City from all demands and claims of any kind or nature whatsoever arising out of the 2009 accident.
Nearly five years later, Mrs. Bailey brought a third party claim against the City for contribution or indemnity in the action brought against her by the employee. A third party claim involves a party to an action other than the plaintiff seeking relief from another party. Mrs. Bailey’s third party claim in effect asked that the City be liable for any injury to the employee if Mrs. Bailey were found to be responsible for the employee’s injuries.
In response, the City brought a summary trial application on the basis that the release barred the third party claim. Mrs. Bailey’s position was that the release did not bar the claim because the third party claim was not specifically contemplated by the City and the Baileys when they signed the release.
The application judge concluded that the release barred Mrs. Bailey’s third party claim against the City. The Court of Appeal allowed the appeal and reinstated Mrs. Bailey’s third party notice. The City then appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada.
The Supreme Court agreed with the application judge and the City. They allowed the City’s appeal and held that the release barred Mrs. Bailey’s third party claim against the City.
Releases to be interpreted like any other contract
The Supreme Court clarified that releases are contracts and that the general principles of contractual interpretation apply to them. The Court referred to its previous decision in Sattva Capital Corp. v. Creston Moly Corp., 2014 SCC 53 that directs courts to “read the contract as a whole, giving the words used their ordinary and grammatical meaning, consistent with the surrounding circumstances known to the parties at the time of formation of the contract”. Based on Sattva, courts should use objective evidence of the facts at the time of the agreement to aid in their interpretation. After considering Sattva, the Court held that there is no special rule of contractual interpretation that applies to releases.
The Court discussed application of the Blackmore Rule which previously set out a special approach to the interpretation of releases. The Blackmore Rule stated that a release would not apply to circumstances of which a party had no knowledge of when the release was executed. The Blackmore Rule also meant that if a release was so general as to include matters never contemplated by the parties, a party
would be entitled to relief. The Court said that the Blackmore Rule is no longer useful in interpreting releases and should no longer be referred to because Sattva has taken over its function.
In the present case, the release included “all actions, suits, causes of action . . . foreseen or unforeseen . . . and claims of any kind or nature whatsoever arising out of or relating to the accident which occurred on or about March 3, 2009”. The Court found that Mrs. Bailey’s third party claim came within the plain meaning of the words of the release. They also found that the surrounding circumstances confirmed that the parties had objective knowledge of all facts underlying Mrs. Bailey’s third party claim when they agreed upon the release. The parties had also limited the scope of the release to claims arising out of the 2009 accident and there was nothing in the surrounding circumstances to suggest departing from the plain meaning of the release.
Further considerations
The Court offered a number of further considerations for the interpretation of releases. Distinctions between claims based on facts known to both parties and claims based on facts known only to one party may be useful in assessing whether parties mutually intended to release a particular kind of claim. However, the ultimate question in interpreting a release is whether a claim is of the type to which a release is directed. Whether a release covers a claim depends on the wording and surrounding circumstances of the release in each case.
Releases may cover unknown future claims. Yet the broader the wording of a release, the more likely the release will conflict with the surrounding circumstances of the agreement. In contrast, releases that include wording as to whether they will cover particular subject matter or time periods are less likely to lead to disputes.